Traditional Islamic Sciences Under the Ottomans

The Tradition/Text-Based (Naqli) Sciences:

1. The Qur’an and Its Sciences (Qur’an, Hifz, Tajwid)
2. Qur’anic Exegesis (Tafsir)
3. Hadith and Related Sciences (Hadith)
4. Jurisprudence (Fiqh)
5. Theology (‘Ilm al-Kalam)
6. Grammar (Nahu)
7. Rhetoric (Balagh)
8. Literature (Adab)
9. Sufism (Tasawwuf)

The Reason/Intellect-Based (‘Aqli) Sciences:

1. Philosophy
2. Geometry
3. Astronomy
4. Medicine (Botany/Biology)
5. Chemistry
6. Mathematics
7. Physics